Santiago Calatrava

Spanish architect-engineer whose bridges, transit halls, and museums often look like skeletons of moving things. The City of Arts and Sciences (Valencia, 1998–2008), the Liège-Guillemins station (2009), the World Trade Center Oculus (NYC, 2016), the Chicago Spire (unbuilt).

Anatomical: ribs, vertebrae, ligaments. Critics fault him for aesthetic-first projects with cost overruns and maintenance burdens; champions credit a structural imagination unmatched in his generation.